Transmission of Pain Signals by the Brain at the Spinal Level Essay

Transmission of Pain Signals by the Brain at the Spinal Level Pain has been defined by Coates & Hindle as an unpleasant emotional and sensory experience which signals a potential or actual damage to tissues (2011, p. 213). Pain is a common human experience and can emanate from injury and illness. There are two main types of pain; acute pain is short-lived, lasting for minutes or several days and its onset often takes place rapidly. It results from the activation of pain nerve endings or nociceptors either by internal or external pain stimuli. On the other hand chronic pain is continuous and sometimes recurrent and can last for weeks, months or even years. Chronic pain is usually not located at or related to the tissue undergoing trauma (Draper & Knight, 2007, p. 104). Various theories have been proposed to explain the mechanism underlying the transmission and perception of pain. These include the specificity theory which maintains that specific fibers and pain receptors are activated by injury after which the pain signals are projected via the spinal pathway to an area in the brain that interprets the pain. In this regard, the specificity theory virtually equates the peripheral injury with the psychological experience caused by the pain (Anderson, 2004, p. 355). However, this theory has been found to harbor several limitations as research about pain has intensified with time. In light of this, the gate theory that was proposed by Melzack and Wall has had a major contribution to the understanding of pain transmission and perception (Pain Game Part 2, 2011). Research has demonstrated that pain is affected by psychological and physiological factors which helps to explain the mechanism underlying inhibition and/or facilitaion of pai... ...t has been noted that the gate control theory proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965 formed the foundation of understanding the process of pain signal transmission. The dorsal horn of the spinal cord is the region of the CNS that controls the passage of pain signals by means of opening and/or closing the gate. Pain can only be perceived if reaches the brain. Events that cause excitation such pain signals and the release of excitatory or facilitatory chemicals cause the gate to open whereas inhibitory events such as competing nerve impulses caused by rubbing trigger closure of the gate. The gate can also be closed due to descending inhibition enhanced by relaxation or the use of pain-relieving medication such as morphine. The brain stem is responsible for controlling the transmission of pain signals via the ascending and descending pain pathways.

Maternity Leave Essay

Maternity leave benefits is found under the Article 133 of the Labor Code and Section 14-A of â€Å"Social Security Act of 1997†³ (Republic Act No. 8282). Checklist for Availment of Maternity Benefits under Social Security Act The pregnant woman employee must have paid at least three monthly contributions within the 12-month period immediately preceding the semester of her childbirth or miscarriage. She has given the required notification of her pregnancy through her employer if employed, or to the SSS if separated, voluntary or self-employed member. Maternity Leave Under Article 133(a) of the Labor Code, â€Å"Every employer shall grant to any pregnant woman employees who has rendered an aggregate service of at least six months for the last twelve months, maternity leave of at least two weeks prior to the expected date of delivery and another four weeks after normal delivery or abortion, with full pay based on her regular or average weekly wages.† From the above provision, a qualified pregnant woman employee shall be entitled maternity leave of at least two weeks prior to expected date of delivery and another four weeks after normal delivery or abortion. That’s a total of six weeks maternity leave. (Note: Article 133, particularly provisions pertaining to benefits and procedure for availment, must give way to Social Security Act.) Leave extension Maternity leave may be extended on account of illness arising out of the pregnancy, delivery, abortion or miscarriage, which renders the woman unfit for work. Extended maternity leave is without pay, but may be charged against any unused leave credits. Maternity Benefits under SSS Law A pregnant woman member of SSS who has paid at least three monthly contributions in the twelve-month period immediately preceding the semester of her childbirth or miscarriage shall be paid a daily maternity benefit. Amount SSS maternity benefit shall be equivalent to 100% of the pregnant employee’s average daily salary credit for 60 days, or 78 days in case of caesarian delivery. Time of payment The full payment of maternity benefits shall be advanced by the employer within 30 days from the filing of the maternity leave application. Who makes the payment The SSS shoulders the payment of maternity benefits. But the procedure is that the payment is to be initially advanced by the employer, subject to immediate reimbursement by SSS. Checklist for Availment The pregnant woman employee must have paid at least three monthly contributions within the 12-month period immediately preceding the semester of her childbirth or miscarriage. She has given the required notification of her pregnancy through her employer if employed, or to the SSS if separated, voluntary or self-employed member. â€Å"3-monthly Contribution† Illustration To avail of maternity benefits, the woman employee must have paid at least three monthly contributions within the 12-month period immediately preceding the semester of her childbirth or miscarriage. A semester refers to two consecutive quarters ending in the quarter of contingency; A quarter refers to three consecutive months ending March, June, September or December. To illustrate, assume that the projected date of delivery is March 2010. The semester of childbirth would be from October 2009 to March 2010. This is called the semester of contingency. Count 12 months backwards starting from the month immediately before the semester of contingency, which is September 2009. Hence, the 12-month period immediately preceding the semester of childbirth or miscarriage is from October 2008 to September 2009. To avail of the benefits, the employee must have paid at least 3 monthly contributions during this period. Note that this requirement supersedes Article 133, which requires that the woman employees must have rendered an aggregate service of at least six months for the last twelve months. Valid marriage not required Unlike in paternity leave where valid marriage is a requisite for availment, the existence of a valid marriage is not required to avail of maternity leave benefits. Limitation on Availment Entitlement to maternity leave under the Labor Code and maternity benefits under the SSS Law applies only for the first four delivery. Bar to recovery of sickness benefits. That payment of daily maternity benefits is a bar to the recovery of SSS sickness benefits for the same period for which daily maternity benefits have been received. Effect of Failure of Employer to Remit Contribution. If the employer fails to remit the required contributions, or to notify SSS of the time of the pregnancy, the employer shall pay to the SSS damages equivalent to the benefits which said employee member would otherwise have been entitled to. Tax Treatment of Meternity Benefit Maternity benefits advanced by employer to employee are excluded from gross income and thus exempt from withholding tax. Under the National Internal Revenue Code (NIRC), all â€Å"benefits received from or enjoyed under the Social Security System in accordance with the provisions of Republic Act No. 8282†³ shall not be included in gross income and shall be exempt from taxation. (Section 32 [B][6][e], NIRC) What You Should Know About Maternity Leave Benefits in the Philippines? Maternity Leave Benefit in the Philippines varies depending on your employment. This article only covers employees from the private sector . According to Book III Title III Chapter 1 of the Philippine Labor Code [Presidential Decree No. 422, as Amended]: ART. 133. Maternity leave benefits. – (a) Every employer shall grant to any pregnant woman employee who has rendered an aggregate service of at least six (6) months for the last twelve (12) months, maternity leave of at least two (2) weeks prior to the expected date of delivery and another four (4) weeks after normal delivery or abortion with full pay based on her regular or average weekly wages. The employer may require from any woman employee applying for maternity leave the production of a medical certificate stating that delivery will probably take place within two weeks. (b) The maternity leave shall be extended without pay on account of illness medically certified to arise out of the pregnancy, delivery, abortion or miscarriage, which renders the woman unfit for work, unless she has earned unused leave credits from which such extended leave may be charged. (c) The maternity leave provided in this Article shall be paid by the employer only for the first four (4) deliveries by a woman employee after the effectivity of this Code. Furthermore, Republic Act No. 7322 AN ACT INCREASING MATERNITY BENEFITS IN FAVOR OF WOMEN WORKERS IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION 14-A OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1161, AS AMENDED, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES states: SECTION 1. Section 14-A of Republic Act No. 1161, as amended, is further amended to read as follows: SEC. 14-A. Maternity Leave Benefit. – A covered female employee who has paid at least three monthly maternity contributions in the twelve-month period preceding the semester of her childbirth, abortion or miscarriage and who is currently employed shall be paid a daily maternity benefit equivalent to one hundred percent (100%) of her present basic salary, allowances and other benefits or the cash equivalent of such benefits for sixty (60) days subject to the following conditions: (a) That the employee shall have notified her employer of her pregnancy and the probable date of her childbirth which notice shall be transmitted to the SSS in accordance with th e rules and regulations it may provide; (b) That the payment shall be advanced by the employer in two equal installments within thirty (30) days from the filing of the maternity leave application: (c) That in case of caesarean delivery, the employee shall be paid the daily maternity benefit for seventy-eight (78) days; (d) That payment of daily maternity benefits shall be a bar to the recovery of sickness benefits provided by this Act for the same compensable period of sixty (60) days for the same childbirth, abortion, or miscarriage; (e) That the maternity benefits provided under this Section shall be paid only for the first four deliveries after March 13, 1973; (f) That the SSS shall immediately reimburse the employer of one hundred percent (100%) of the amount of maternity benefits advanced to the employee by the employer upon receipt of satisfactory proof of such payment and legality thereof; and (g) That if an employee should give birth or suffer abortion or miscarriage without the required contributions having been remitted for her by her employer to the SSS, or without the latter having been previously notified by the employer of the time of the pregnancy, the employer shall pay to the SSS damages equivalent to the benefits which said employee would otherwise have been entitled to, and the SSS shall in turn pay such amount to the employee concerned.† SEC. 2. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as to diminish existing maternity benefits under present laws and collective bargaining agreements. SEC. 3. All laws, executive orders, prodamations,.presidential decrees, rules and regulations, and other issuances, or parts hereof, inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly. SEC. 4. This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in the Official Gazette or in at least two (2) national newspapers of general circulation, whichever comes earlier. In short, you are entitled to a 60 days maternity leave (78 if you had a caesarean delivery) provided that: 1. you have notified your employer of your pregnancy including your estimated delivery date; 2. you are an active SSS member and employee at the time of your delivery; 3. you have paid a minimum of three month contribution to SSS within the 12-month period prior to your delivery (miscarriage); and 4. this is your first, second, third or fourth pregnancy (and/or miscarriage) So remember, Once you’ve confirmed your pregnancy (usually once you’ve got your first ultrasound), make sure to file the necessary papers to notify your company. This is around 6-8 weeks of pregnancy. It’s very important that you file early so you can avail of your benefits should anything happen to you like miscarriage or other complication that would require you to take an early leave. File your maternity leave early. Your company is mandated by law to give you your maternity benefit within 30 days of filling. They usually release advance payment before your leave if you file it on time. Otherwise, you might have to after giving birth. Company may have other policies about maternity benefits, so make sure to review your contract and talk to your company’s HR personnel so know what you’re entitled to. Also once you’ve given birth, don’t forget to submit all the necessary documents to your HR so they can submit them to SSS for reimbursement. You would need to submit following: SSS Form MAT-1 and MAT-2, your child’s birth certificate, your SSS ID, obstetrical history and operating record for caesarean delivery. The SSS forms are available in your HR department or you can get a copy at sss.gov.ph. The full list of requirements is also available in the site. When I posted about maternity leave benefits in my old blog, a lot of people ask why some of them got less than their 60-day salary. The maternity benefit you are entitled as an SSS member is 100% of your average daily salary credit multiplied by 60 (78) days. The details of the computation can be found here. You’ll also see there that the maximum salary credit per day is around Php 500 so at most, you’ll be able to receive around Php 30,000 for normal delivery and Php 39,000 for caesarean delivery. Self-employeed SSS members and also voluntary SSS members are also entitled to this same SSS Maternity Benefits as long as they meet the requirements mentioned above. The only difference is they do the filing and notification directly to SSS. I work in the government sector. Am I entitled to maternity leave? Every pregnant employee is entitled to maternity leave but the conditions change depending on several factors. If you are a government employee, you are allowed to take a maternity leave of 60 calendar days with pay, whether you deliver via normal or cesarean delivery. You are also entitled to maternity benefits in full if you have been working for your government office or agency for at least two years. If you have rendered service for more than a year but less than two years, you will receive maternity benefits in proportion to your length of service. (And half-pay if you have been working there for less than one year.) Maternity leave covers both childbirth and miscarriage. The law provides minimum requirements that you can expect from your employer. Talk to your human resources manager or administrative officer to find out if your employer provides greater maternity benefits than the required minimum. Read your employment contract or collective bargaining agreement carefully and see what it says about your employer’s policy on maternity leaves and benefits. I work for a private company. What maternity benefits am I entitled to? A private sector employee is entitled to take a leave with full pay for 60 calendar days (for normal delivery) or 78 calendar days (for cesarean delivery) as long as certain conditions are met: * You are an SSS member employed at the time of delivery or miscarriage. * You have previously notified your employer about your pregnancy and due date. * You have paid at least three monthly contributions to the SSS within the 12-month period preceding your semester of childbirth or miscarriage. * Understand that you can claim maternity benefits only for your first four deliveries, including miscarriages. What do you mean by semester of childbirth? This is the six-month period prior to your giving birth. For example, if you expect to give birth in June 2012, your semester of childbirth is the period from January 2012 to June 2012. What about the three monthly contributions preceding the semester of childbirth? SSS requires that in the 12 months preceding your semester of childbirth (if you’re due in June 2012, then the period is January to December 2011), you should have paid at least 3 monthly contributions. This 12-month period is important because they will determine how much maternity pay to give you based on your monthly salary during this 12-month period. SSS has a formula for computing your maternity benefit using your six highest monthly credits. What do I have to submit to my employer? Make sure that you: * Give your employer a notice of your pregnancy and due date by submitting SSS Form MAT-1(Maternity Notification Form) at least 60 days from the time you know about your pregnancy and proof of pregnancy, such as laboratory test results, ultrasound report and a medical certificate from your doctor. Your employer will then submit these documents to the SSS. * Maternity leave covers both childbirth and miscarriage. The law provides the minimum requirements that you can expect from your employer. Some companies give more than the minimum requirements. Talk to your human resources manager or administrative officer so you’ll know what your company offers. It would be good to read your employment contract or collective bargaining agreement and learn more about your employer’s policy on maternity leaves and benefits. Your company’s maternity policy may be better than the legal minimum. Thus your entitlements could be different from those of your colleagues or friends working for other companies. Find out exactly what your entitlements are by contacting: * your human resources or personnel manager * your labor union representative * the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) Regional Office in your place of work Before taking maternity leave File your maternity leave application a few weeks before the start of your leave. You will want to give your employer enough time to make arrangements and ensure that the company is not affected by your absence. The common practice is to go on leave two weeks before your due date so you can have enough time to prepare for the birth of your child. How do I claim my SSS maternity benefits? You may claim your SSS maternity benefits directly from your employer in full within 30 calendar days from the filing of your maternity leave application. Your employer is required to pay the amount of the claim in advance, subject to reimbursement by the SSS. You also need to submit other documents such as: * SSS Form MAT-1 and MAT-2 * your child’s birth certificate * operating room records for cesarean delivery * obstetrical history in cases of miscarriage or abortion * your SSS I.D.

Essay on U.S. Intervention - 1563 Words

Should the United States enter into military intervention in foreign countries for humanitarian reason? Why? Why not? Under what conditions should the U.S. intervene if at all? History has been shown to repeat itself, and if we dont learn from it, we are doomed to repeat it. We have watched many genocides happen within the last decade, some of which the U.S. has intervened, and in some cases where they have not. The United States should not intervene in foreign countries for humanitarian reasons because the U.S. may lack investing the amount of troops and resources necessary to make the intervention successful ; that doctrine will be abused unless there is a self-interest at stake. Another reason why the U.S. should not intervene in†¦show more content†¦soldiers were killed. The U.S won the battle, but lost the war. Sure the U.S helped feed millions of people for a certain period of time, but overall the intervention turned out to be unsuccessful because once they left, st arvation would soon hit Somalia once again. The Somali leader and the main instigator of starvation was not arrested, many innocent people were killed and when the U.S withdrew its troops, 18 soldiers lives were lost in vain because their mission was not accomplished with their deaths. The U.S has military all over the world, and is stretched to the limit and the Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich is in agreement that these peace operations are stretching our military [to] the verge of the breaking point. (John Hillen 125). In Patrick J. Buchanans article The United States Should Not Intervene in Regional Conflicts, he states that Europeans are fully capable of defending themselves (118). They should form their own intervention power instead of the U.S sending its troops from overseas. He agrees that our military is stretched thin due to Americas overseas defense commitment, to the point that the United States would be unable to defend itself against a concerted attack by its enemi es.(118). The United States should have its troops on its own soil, defending and securing it, and John Hillen agrees with this when he says that the United States must realize that a failure to beShow MoreRelated U.S Human Rights Intervention Essay650 Words   |  3 Pages Should the U.S. intervene to prevent or end violations of human rights (including genocide) in foreign countries when these violations do not directly affect other American interests? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The United States is a growing global power and presence. Most other countries are not. We are often called upon to engage in conflict situations like preventing violations of human rights and genocide. Intervening only where our national interest is concerned would only bring about negativeRead MoreU.s. Military Intervention Model916 Words   |  4 Pagestransformations Although wars and military interventions are part of global reality, the involvement of International Organizations in these types of actions have changed and evolved: the military intervention model has shifted into a multifaceted repertoire of actions where force is one component among many others. Since 1990s, the range of coercive actions taken by the SC has been enhanced by combining sanctions and preventive measures with military interventions. Certainly, under the Chapter VII ofRead MoreThe 1953 U.S. Intervention in Iran Essay2219 Words   |  9 PagesThe 1953 U.S. Intervention in Iran Once upon a time, in a mountainous land between Baghdad and the Sea of Caviar there lived a nobleman. This nobleman, after a lifetime of carping at the way the kingdom was run, became Chief Minister of the realm. Within a few months he had the whole world hanging on his words, his deeds, his jokes, his tears, and his tantrums. 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Movies can act as a mediumRead MoreAnalysis Of Jeffrey Goldberg s Article, The Four Constellations Of Issues Approach Will Be Used1349 Words   |  6 Pageshumanitarian disasters; respect for sovereignty is still top priority for Putin and Russia. In contrast, the doctrine â€Å"responsibility to protect† usually lead to intervention in the face of atrocities committed by various individuals in different countries. On the face of it, it seems as if Russia is â€Å"cold-hearted† whereas the West and the U.S. appears noble for their fight against atrocities. However, Putin adds that interference does not necessarily promote the development of democratic states andRead MoreLaissez-faire vs Government Intervention Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States is no where close to being a laissez-faire system. In fact, government spending and intervention in the economic sector has ballooned. 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The Ancient Greek Civilization Essay - 1681 Words

Introduction The assumption that all of that all of the formidable ancient civilizations was founded upon the shoulders of slave labor has gone around for ages despite scholastic efforts to counter the assertion. Nevertheless, it is vital to consider a particular civilization as a case study in order to really unearth the truth behind such assertion. For example the Greek Civilization, studies indicate that Greece may have surpassed many other civilizations of its time, especially concerning acquisition and use of forced labor (Cuffel page 323). Amazingly, research efforts have come up with the conclusion that the number of those under forced labor in the ancient Greek civilization might have probably exceeded the number of free people (Finley Page 146). This was a result of the numerous options available to the Greek in matters of acquisition of slaves. Some of the most common ways included babies abandoned by mothers, prisoners taken during war, and even being born as a child slave (Silver page 257). Whichever way any critical mind looks at the issue, such information and statistics show a great correlation between slavery and the establishment of early civilizations. This paper intends to critically consider all the available facts from credible sources to show the extent to which the Greek civilization was based on slave labor. Body Firstly, it is important to appreciate the fact that labor sourced from slaves was an essential aspect in the ancient world. Consequently,Show MoreRelatedThe Ancient Greek Of Greek Civilization968 Words   |  4 PagesThe ancient Greeks were unique and had a one of a kind culture which would heavily influence the Western world. Their literature would bring forth works that intertwined religious, philosophical, mythological, and political all in one. From the Bronze Age to the Dark Age, the ancient Greeks would be innovators for practices we have become accustomed to, such as philosophy, democracy, literature and even theatricals. During this time, most that had been illuminated had been lost in the Dark Ages,Read MoreThe Ancient Greek Civilization1781 Words   |  8 PagesKyle Wolfe HUM 102 Athens, during the height of the Ancient Greek civilization, is often considered the birthplace of Western Philosophy. During this time period, one of the most famous Greek philosophers, Plato, engaged in debates with other philosophers about the nature of morality. His debates with the Sophists became heated on the matter of relativism and will be the focus of this paper. 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In examining the trajectory of modern historyRead MoreGreek And Roman Civilizations : Greece And Ancient Civilizations1503 Words   |  7 Pages Greek and Roman Civilizations In examining the impact that the ancient world has had on modern Western civilization, the two ancient civilizations which are frequently understood as having had the greatest influence are Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. These two civilizations would eventually come to shape much of what would become the modern European culture, politics and society, and by extension, a vast proportion of global culture and society. In scrutinizing the trajectory of modern historyRead MoreTherapeutic Civilization : Ancient Egyptian And Greek Civilization906 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Egyptian and Greek Civilization: The use of Therapeutic Recreation began thousands of years ago. Ancient Egyptians employed the use of music, songs, and dancing that promoted a positive atmosphere that would help individuals overcome mood disorders. 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The Nile flows fromRead Morehis112 r3 Ancient Civilizations and the Greek World Matrix1457 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Ancient Civilizations and the Greek World Matrix Complete the matrix by entering cultural, political, and economic developments that had lasting effects or that are significant of each civilization. The table includes one example. Civilization Cultural Developments Political Developments Economic Developments Mesopotamian Developed the beginnings of astronomy and mathematics Believed in many gods not just one. Emergence of Kings, exercised distinct political ratherRead MoreAncient Greek And Romes Impact On Western Literature1642 Words   |  7 Pagesimpact greek and roman culture had on western civilization The ancient Greeks and Romans were two of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world. The two civilizations thrived in their ancient environments which eventually led to a large amount of wealth within these two cultures. It is because of this that these ancient cultures were able to make a variety of advancements in literature, architecture, art and many other fields. These two civilizations also produced some of the ancient world’s

Physics Of Motion And Energy - 1504 Words

Aim Using Physics principles such as equations of motion and energy illustrate how the landing place of a ball bearing swung into a razor blade can be calculated and a target can be placed, predicting this landing spot. Hypothesis Through using Physical Sciences principles I ill be able to place a target in the approximate location of where a ball bearing will land. Introduction Motion and Energy are both related and understanding of both are important in the completion of this experiment. There are four main equations of motion, Vav = s/t, v = u + at, v2 = u2 + 2as s = ut +  ½at2. These four equations can be used to determine the information of an objects motion (Henderson n.d. a). There are different types of motion, specifically for†¦show more content†¦Mechanical energy is the energy which is based on either motion or position of an object (Simmons n.d.). Mechanical energy is divided into two types, potential energy (EP) and kinetic energy (EK). Potential energy is the energy of an object based upon its position relative to another. There are many types of potential energy such as elastic and gravitational potential energy. One the most common types of potential energy, which is discussed in this topic, is gravitational potential energy (given by Ep = mgh). Due to this, gravitational potential energy is equal to the work done to move an objec t (W = Fs). Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object, (Given by EK =  ½mv2). Work done is the change in kinetic energy or the force times the displacement (W = Fs or W = ΔE). An important aspect of mechanical energy is known as the law of conservation of energy, which states that in a closed system that the total energy of that system will remain constant, as energy is not created or destroyed, rather it is changes from one form to another (Nave n.d.). In effects this means that in a system as a ball falls its gravitational potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy, until just before it hits the ground all the potential energy has transferred to kinetic energy. This is not a perfect system and energy will be lost in other forms such as heat, sound and light. But that will be negligible in this experiment. Method 1. Attach two

Research in Educational Leadership-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Broadly Organize your paper into the four main stages for Planning Change as Identified by Hodges and Gill. Answer: Introduction The maintenance of the efficient school or educational leadership is the key to attain the sustainable reformation of the educational process. The principals are equipped to handle a rapidly changing and complex environment in order to improve the educational system and lead the students towards acquiring the secure future (DuFour Mattos, 2013). The presence of the instructional leaders determines the sustainable innovation in the educational field. However there are several instances where the leadership within the educational institutions goes wrong. According to Arafeh (2014) bringing chance into educational institutions are not easy. There are explicit power situation due to the position of the individual which may be not adequate for catalyzing the change into the organization. Previous educational researches show that different school administration variables do not have much impact on the learning process, considering separately, however collectively the variables may have a huge impact on reaching the students and creating a warm environment for the students. Few years ago, the concept of school leadership was evidently lacking from most of the middle schools and there was a serious lack in the leadership as most of the school management did not see school leadership and the responsibility of the school principle as a significant matter of interest (Fullan, 2013). However, gradually more researches in this field have contributed to this field which made the school leadership to be a major issue for the school environment and student learning. This study will focus on the change management in leadership of the ABC Middle School which has faced a severe situation due to faulty leadership and turnover of staffs on a regular basis. The study will consider planning the change management as it has been identified by Hodges and Gill (2015). Accountability of Principle in educational institutions While reforming the schools, the school leadership comes first in the priority list for most of the major school reformations. As stated by Guskey (2014) an improved principle leadership among different other issues that are faced by the middle schools. However the quality of the teachers in the educational institution is the most significant factor in the improvement of the educational institutions, but the school leadership is as important as the other issues. The educational researches in this field indicate that the principle of the middle school resemble to the manager of the business organizations (Santamara, 2014). Within the changing arena of the education there are several reformations based on the quality standards and the accountability, therefore a remarkable conception that has emerged which draws lessons from the contemporary business organizations (Hallinger, 2014). Furthermore it suggests that leadership is the primary factor that should be put in the focus with a gre ater clarity in the middle school management. The principles in middle schools have huge accountability for carrying out the rules and regulations avoiding any kind of mistake. The major responsibilities of the principle in a middle school include, shaping the mission and vision of the educational success for the students in school based on the higher standards of the academic field, creating a hospitable and safe atmosphere for the students that entails a cooperative and fruitful spirit, cultivating the sense of leadership within other teachers so that they can realize the vision of the educational institution at the same time, improving the instructions to other teachers so that they can give their best to the students, therefore enhancing the learning process along with a careful management of people, guardians and processing the data so that the improvement of the school can be fostered (Parkay, Anctil Hass, 2014). These key responsibilities may turn difficult for the principle , yet these are required to be carried out for enhancing the educational success of the students. Background of the Problem In Canada, middle schools basically act as the transition period between the secondary schools and primary schools. ABC Middle school realizes that it is necessary to understand for the middle school management that the years students spend in the school are the most crucial stage of their lives. Within this period the student may lose interest in their academics or they can be more and more interested in their academic career. The school has around five hundred students coming from various backgrounds and different ethnicity. The school does not encourage any kind of racial discrimination within the school premises. Recently the school had faced a severe issue with the principle of the school. After the retirement of the previous principle, a new principle has been appointed who initially seemed to be over qualified for the position having more than ten years of experience in the educational field. However the situation in the school had changed soon after the joining of the new pri nciple, Mr. Jones. He has implemented new rules for the teachers such as specific dress codes and added extra classes to their routines that they are not experts at. He has also implemented a new schedule for exams which initially seemed to be overburden for the children. In the school meetings the teachers had opposed to such implementations as they knew that the students might not accept these sudden changes and they may react in a different way. However Mr. Jones acted in an autocratic way and did not listen to any suggestions coming from the teachers and the other management personnel. The teaching staffs also did not take the new rule implementation on a positive note as for any minor failure from the new rules; they had been encountered with monetary disadvantages. Therefore soon few senior teachers had left the school due to such unnecessary strict rules. The students had also felt issues with the new principle as they had faced racial discrimination while encountering the pr inciple. Mr. Jones has also employed few teaching staffs who were not much experienced and were harsh on the students. Soon the entire situation in the school has turned into a miscellany of confusion. Linear Change Model by Hodges and Gill The organisational change depends on the implementation of the sequential plan. Once the performance gap is recognized, it is essential to understand the course of action that will be helpful for an organisation to manage the performance and implement the change. It is to be indicated that the organisational change or changes brought to the leadership style require the structural planning (Burke, 2014). After implementing change, it is necessary to monitor the effectiveness for few months. If the outcome of the changes seems positive, the management of the school should provide the attention towards maintaining the consistency. It is essential to monitor the reaction of the associated staffs towards the change. The implications provided by Hodges and Gill regarding the change management process include four different step. In this section of the study, these four stages will be discussed to ensure the implementation of the change management initiatives in ABC Middle school. The four stages of the change management model are discussed further: Stage 1: Defining the need for change and developing the vision The organizational change management requires the identification of the problem that creates the gap in the performance. As per the scenario discussed in this study, the ABC Middle School has been facing the significant and recognizable issues with the ineffective leadership management. The Autocracy maintained by the principles is increasing the staff turnover rate. Moreover, the extensive outspread of the racial discrimination is the major issues. Many children from the outside countries take admission in this school. However, the racial discrimination faced by the international students is creating huge dissatisfaction. It generally creates the dissatisfaction among the students, their guardians, and the associated teachers. Hence, it is essential to eliminate such behaviour and maintain the anti-discriminative laws within the organisation. In addition to this, the recruitment process is also below the expectation level (Conner, 1992). The hired staffs are not fully educated to me et the educational parameter. It generally creates the obligation in terms of the improvements determined to the educational field. Hence, it is essential to change the leadership techniques to maintain the stability and long term sustainability. Moreover, the change is also required for minimizing the turnover rate and influencing the staffs to develop the educational skill. However, it is notable that the organisation needs to pay attention towards the recruitment process as well. In order to mitigate the performance gap, the organisation has decided to change the leadership structure. At the initial stage the autocratic leadership style was followed by the principal of ABC Middle School. However, following such leadership style was quite insignificant since it increased the staff turnover rate. The recruitment of the qualified teachers and the staffs would be necessary for the school to improve the educational process. In fact, the vision should be based on the development of anti-discriminative law or regulations to eliminate the discriminative behaviour with the international students or staffs. It is essential because it reduces the chances of dissatisfaction and improves the education quality. Stage 2: Initiating the Change Initiating change signifies the stage where the change initiatives are defined properly. The leaders need to identify the appropriate solutions to improve the organisational situations by implementing the effective changes (Santamara, 2014). For instance, since ABC Middle School has been facing the issues with the leadership autocracy, it can be inferred that the institute can adopt the transformational leadership style. In the transformational leadership style, the staffs receive the opportunity to communicate directly with the leader. In fact, in terms of bringing any changes to the school functionalities, the staffs can actively participate in the decision-making process. Moreover, they can even develop their performance and professional skills since they have the scope to deal directly with the leader (Thomson, 2014). On the other hand, understanding the needs and demands of the schools in terms of qualification of the staffs is necessary to bring the future improvements in the e ducation level. Therefore, the recruitment process requires more changes and developed. In fact, it is essential to mitigate the issues with the discriminatory behaviour within the schools (Hallinger, 2014). The international students face the significant challenges in communicating due to the cultural barriers and the discriminative behaviour. The implementation of the anti-discriminative law would be much preferable in such cases to mitigate the issue. Stage 3: Implementing the Change Before implementation of the change, it needs to be communicated properly with the associated staffs. For example, during the decision-making process within the school, the principal needs to communicate with other teachers and the staffs to make them aware of the requirements. In fact, the human resource management needs to derive the ideas about the organisational expectations while recruiting the qualified teachers. These expectations are even needed to be conveyed to the teachers while selecting them for the school (DuFour Mattos 2013). It is essential to eliminate such behaviour and maintain the anti-discriminative laws within the organisation. In addition to this, the recruitment process is also below the expectation level. The hired staffs are not fully educated to meet the educational parameter. Accordingly, imposing the rules and regulations for the non-discriminatory behaviour within the school would be effective enough in establishing the positive environment. Both the st affs and the students would get the sense of reliability if the discriminative attitudes are eliminated. The changes in the policies and the leadership styles would be implemented. After implementing change, it is necessary to monitor the effectiveness for few months. If the outcome of the changes seems positive, the management of the school should provide the attention towards maintaining the consistency (Arafeh, 2014). It is essential to monitor the reaction of the associated staffs towards the change. it is essential to eliminate such behaviour and maintain the anti-discriminative laws within the organisation. In addition to this, the recruitment process is also below the expectation level. The hired staffs are not fully educated to meet the educational parameter. The influences created by the change will be reflected in the organisational environment and the behaviour of the staffs. Hence, continuous review and monitoring is essential for a change process. Stage 4: Institutionalizing the Change The institutionalizing of the change is determined when the change undertaken within an organisation becomes the norm. The maintenance of the consistency in the change management is necessary to bring the continuous improvement within the organisation. Similarly, ABC Middle School needs to concentrate on the developmental factors of the change. In order to achieve the vision of the organisation, it is essential to practice these changes by following the implemented policies. The human resource management even needs to pay attention towards the maintenance of these norms for the future improvements (Parkay, Anctil Hass, 2014). It is essential to eliminate such behaviour and maintain the anti-discriminative laws within the organisation. In addition to this, the recruitment process is also below the expectation level. The hired staffs are not fully educated to meet the educational parameter. The teaching staffs also did not take the new rule implementation on a positive note as for any minor failure from the new rules; they had been encountered with monetary disadvantages. Therefore, it is essential to pay attention towards such necessities to retain the staffs and reduce the staff turnover rate. The concept of school leadership was evidently lacking from most of the middle schools and there was a serious lack in the leadership as most of the school management did not see school leadership and the responsibility of the school principle as a significant matter of interest (Fullan, 2013). Currently, the organisations have been considering the educational leadership as an integral part. Therefore, maintaining the change management initiatives is essential for bringing more improvements. The improvements brought to education quality are necessary for retaining the reputation of the organisation. It is essential to understand the course of action that will be helpful for an organisation to manage the performance and implement the change. It is to be indicated that the organisational change or changes brought to the leadership style require the structural planning. The proper staff motivation and enhancements of the educational quality is the key driver for the sustainable development of the school. In addition to this, the successive approaches to the change management scenario ensure the reliability among the students and staffs. The role of the human resource management is also much remarkable. Conclusion In conclusion it can be said that the entire situation in ABC Middle School required an immediate change of the leadership. The students and staffs were manipulated and they had to adhere to the autocratic rules of the new principle. This report had proposed a detailed change management procedure with the help of Hodges and Gill Change Management model and defined the requirement and developing vision along with the procedures and methods of initiating, implementing and institutionalizing. As a leader of the educational institution, the principles job is to motivate students and to balance his leadership traits aligned with the expertise of his faculty. The change management model shows the shaping of leadership within the educational institution and how it can be influential for the students future. References Arafeh, S. (2014). Educational Technology Leadership for Educational Leaders.Educational Leadership: Perspectives on Preparation and Practice, 253. Burke, W. (2014). A Brief History of Organization Change. In Organization Change: Theory and Practice (4th edition). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. pp. 28-51 Conner, D. (1992). The Roles of Change. In Managing at the Speed of Change. New York: Villard Books. pp. 107-125 DuFour, R., Mattos, M. (2013). Improve Schools?.Educational Leadership,70(7), 34-39. Fullan, M. (2013).The Jossey-Bass reader on educational leadership. John Wiley Sons. Guskey, T. R. (2014). Planning professional learning.Educational Leadership. Hallinger, P. (2014). Reviewing reviews of research in educational leadership: An empirical assessment.Educational Administration Quarterly,50(4), 539-576. Ingersoll, R., Merrill, L., May, H. (2016). Do Accountability Policies Push Teachers Out?.Educational Leadership,73(8), 44-49. Parkay, F. W., Anctil, E. J., Hass, G. (2014).Curriculum leadership: Readings for developing quality educational programs. Prentice Hall. Santamara, L. J. (2014). Critical Change for the Greater Good Multicultural Perceptions in Educational Leadership Toward Social Justice and Equity.Educational Administration Quarterly,50(3), 347-391. Thomson, B. (2014). Coping with and Introducing Change. In Understanding Yourself and Others. London: Sheldon Press. pp.112-123

Mind Over Body free essay sample

At the sound of the whistle I ran with all my might to pass my opponents. Panting helplessly, I tried to concentrate on my breathing; that seems to be my only dilemma. I felt my legs getting heavier each time my foot comes in contact with the rocky terrain. Running up the asphalted hill resulted in my rhythmic breathing getting irregular. My nose starts to perspire then my forehead, and alas my back; the signs of hard work being put forth. I feel like I have been running for longer than I have been but I insist to keep going. My mind suddenly begins to repeat what my mother often told me as a child, â€Å"The body achieves what the mind believes†. I try to steady my heart rate but nothing seems to work. I look back and no one is behind me, no one is in front of me either. We will write a custom essay sample on Mind Over Body or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Am I last? My mind begins to drift to focus on my goal. I feel like this is a race against my endurance. Before trying cross country, I always believed it was a sport full of athletes and competitors that could run several miles with ease. Therefore, the sport was not cut out for me; I had some difficulty passing the mile run for gym during sophomore year. It wasn’t until junior year my perspective about cross country changed. The coach was recruiting team members, and that year I wanted to get some physical exercise. This wouldn’t be the first time I would be trying a sport for the first time. In middle school I never thought I would ever play lacrosse and after our first game, I feel in love with the sport. The practices made me feel like I was a contestant on The Biggest Loser, but at the end of the day it paid off. It’s kind of like baking; going to the store and gathering all the ingredients might not be so enjoyable, but when you take that first bite into your creation you will truly value the time spent. I had never pushed myself as mentally and physically l ike I have done in cross country. I overcame my greatest challenge. As I finally reached the end of the race with less than a mile to go, I pass a few girls from the arrival team; I am no longer last. I am so focused on passing that finish mark I don’t focus on anyone expect myself. I see my friends up ahead circled around my coach and along with them is my mother cheering me on. As I approached the finish line, I hear their voices get louder and louder. Concentrating on the sounds of their cheers gave me that extra push of confidence and motivation I needed. Within the last few feet from the finish mark, I ran faster than ever. I was ecstatic to have my teammates and family for support. I finished in 39th place out of 46 runners. I certainly did not place first but in my mind I was a champion. I completed my greatest challenge and I felt good about it. Cross country molded me into the person I am today. I am hard working, passionate, and driven about everything I do. I had a few setbacks but doubting yourself never gets you anywhere. It is imperative to never limit yourself to what we can do. If you’re good at one sport you can be good at many others.